BANNED AND DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES COMMONLY GIVEN TO HORSES SENT TO SLAUGHTER Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites Acepromazine See also Citak A, Soysal DD, Uçsel R, Karaböcüoglu M, Uzel N., Seizures associated with poisoning in children: tricyclic antidepressant intoxication, PEDIATR INT.
48(6):582-585 (2006) (Two children suffered cardiac arrest from intoxication from
Acetazolamide Diuretic
Acetazolamide (sulfonamide) induces metabolic alkalosis and is contraindicated in
patients with hyperchloremic acidosis, angle-closure glaucoma, kidney and liver
disease, and in patients with Addison’s disease. Fatalities have occurred (rare) due to
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (diffuse rash that sloughs), toxic epidermal necrolysis,
fulminant hepatic necrosis, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, and other blood
dyscrasias. Sensitizations may recur when a sulfonamide is readministered
irrespective of the route of administration. If signs of hypersensitivity or other serious
reactions occur, discontinue use of this drug. Caution is advised for patients receiving concomitant high-dose aspirin and
Acetazolamide, as anorexia, tachypnea, lethargy, coma and death have been reported.
http://www.drugs.com/pro/acetazolamide.html
Acriflavine
Acriflavine is an ingredient found in Blue-Kote, which is itself labeled “not for use on
animals intended for food.” The dangers for humans who ingest this substance are
blu-kote.html Not for use on animals intended for
Altrenogest Regu-Mate
Active harmful ingredients (residue): Progestin.
Progestin is used in the mini-pill to prevent contraception so progestin could result in
Progestin along with estrogens are pro-thrombotic meaning that they cause deep
blood clots, including venous thrombosis and cerebral thrombosis.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105173442007
Combined with estrogens, progestin increases the risk of breast cancer and
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
http://www.whi.org/findings/ht/eplusp_3yr.php Increased stroke risk.
http://www.whi.org/findings/ht/ealone_stroke.php HUMAN WARNINGS
Skin contact must be avoided as Regu-mate® (altrenogest) Solution 0.22% is readily
absorbed through unbroken skin. Protective gloves must be worn by all persons
handling this product. Pregnant women or women who suspect they are pregnant
should not handle Regu-mate® (altrenogest) Solution 0.22%. Women of child
bearing age should exercise extreme caution when handling this product. Accidental
absorption could lead to a disruption of the menstrual cycle or prolongation of
pregnancy. Direct contact with the skin should therefore be avoided. Accidental
spillage on the skin should be washed off immediately with soap and water.
http://www.drugs.com/vet/regu-mate-solution.html
Aluminum hydroxide
May cause constipation. Caution with renal failure; prolonged use may result in or
worsen dialysis osteomalacia. Elevated tissue aluminum levels contribute to the
development of dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia syndromes. Caution with
normophosphatemic patients; prolonged use may result in hypophosphatemia if
Constipation, dialysis osteomalacia, hypophosphatemia.
http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=1544 Can cause constipation, confusion, loss of appetite, and muscle weakness.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001056/
Amikacin
Antibiotics are potentially dangerous to humans who either have allergies or
sensitivities to them. Additionally, the use of antibiotics in food animals, and
the subsequent ingestion by humans of those animals, has the potential to
create antibiotic resistance in humans, which can cause significant problems
Amoxicillin
Infections and Infestations: Mucocutaneous candidiasis.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, black hairy tongue, and
hemorrhagic/pseudomembranous colitis. Onset of pseudomembranous colitis
symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment.
Serum sickness-like reactions, erythematous maculopapular rashes, erythema
multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal
necrolysis, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, hypersensitivity vasculitis and
Liver: A moderate rise in AST (SGOT) and/or ALT (SGPT) has been noted, but the
significance of this finding is unknown. Hepatic dysfunction including cholestatic
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
jaundice, hepatic cholestasis and acute cytolytic hepatitis have been reported.
Hemic and Lymphatic Systems: Anemia, including hemolytic anemia,
thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, eosinophilia, leukopenia, and
agranulocytosis have been reported during therapy with penicillins. These reactions
are usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy and are believed to be
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, agitation, anxiety, insomnia,
confusion, convulsions, behavioral changes, and/or dizziness have been reported
Miscellaneous: Tooth discoloration (brown, yellow, or gray staining) has been rarely
reported. Most reports occurred in pediatric patients. Discoloration was reduced or
eliminated with brushing or dental cleaning in most cases.
http://www.drugs.com/sfx/amoxicillin-side-effects.html
Ampicillin sodium
Inflammation and redness of the tongue; irritation of mouth or throat; mild diarrhea;
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bloody stools; severe diarrhea;
stomach pain/cramps; vaginal irritation or discharge.
http://www.drugs.com/sfx/ampicillin-side-effects.html
See also side effects for ampicillin injection: •upset stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, mild skin rash More severe: •severe skin rash, itching, hives, difficulty breathing or swallowing, wheezing, unusual bleeding or bruising, headache, dizziness, seizures, sore mouth or throat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601133.html
Material Safety Data Sheet (“MSDS”) for ampicillin sodium salt: Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9925610
Avoid in children or teenagers for chickenpox or flu symptoms; Reye’s syndrome
may occur. May cause severe allergic reaction (hives, facial swelling, asthma, shock)
and stomach bleeding. Avoid in asthma, stomach problems that persist or recur,
Allergic reaction, hives, facial swelling, asthma, shock.
http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=195
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
Can cause excessive bleeding in those taking warfarin;
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/40/5/1944.full Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the
chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); black or bloody stools; confusion;
diarrhea; dizziness; drowsiness; hearing loss; ringing in the ears; severe or persistent
stomach pain; unusual bruising; vomiting.
http://www.drugs.com/sfx/aspirin-side-effects.html
10. Avermectin A1a, 5-O-
A hazardous component of the Farnam Ivercare dewormer product.
demethyl-25-de(1- methylpropyl)-22,23-
Links to the toxicological literature here:
dihydro-25-(1-
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=14145#x50
methylethyl)-
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+toxline:@term+@rn+65195-51-
11. Benzyl alcohol
Pruritis, erythema, pyoderma, ocular irritation.
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Benzyl+alcohol
12. Boldenone undecylenate
Boldenone undecylenate is a steroid ingredient in Equipose (for horses). It is not
indicated for use in humans but appears to have off-label uses as a bodybuilding
Known side effects consist of: nausea, leukopenia, symptoms resembling a peptic
ulcer, acne, excitation (commonly referred to as roid rage), sleeplessness, chills,
vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension, prolonged blood clotting time, increase in libido.
Females had reported menstrual irregularities, post-menopausal bleeding, increased
sex drive, swelling of the breasts, hoarseness or deepening of the voice, and
enlargement of the clitoris. Men had reported acne, gynocomastia, and increased
general physical condition is desired. aggression.
http://www.anabolicsmall.com/equipoise.html
Steroids should be taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant
adverse affects including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in
menstrual functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and
vomiting, joint swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain.
13. Butorphanol
Dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth; light-headedness; nasal irritation; nausea; runny
nose; sore throat; stuffy nose; trouble sleeping; unpleasant taste; vomiting.
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the
chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); blurred vision; burning, numbness, or tingling; change in the amount of urine produced; chest pain; confusion; ear pain; fainting; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; flushing; hallucinations; mental or mood changes (agitation, anxiety, depression); restlessness; ringing in the ears; seizures; severe or persistent dizziness, drowsiness, or light-headedness; severe or persistent headache or trouble sleeping; shortness of breath; slow, shallow, or difficult breathing; tremors; unusual swelling.
http://www.drugs.com/sfx/butorphanol-side-effects.html
14. Butoxy Polypropylene
In 2002, a woman in Oklahoma was hospitalized after using Pyranha fly spray on
horses. Her face was distorted, and her words slurred. She reportedly had leg
problems, tremors, memory problems. The medical toxicologist's conclusion was that
the patient, a professional horse trainer, developed a complex neurotoxic movement
disorder following sensitization to a product that contained 33%
Adverse reactions and side effects of ingestion are unknown.
15. Carbadox
Antibiotic used for growth promotion Not permitted for use in food-producing animals in Australia
(http://www.apvma.gov.au/registration/not_permitted.php)
Or in Canada, or the European Union. (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-
http://www.drugs.com/pro/mecadox.html Chronic health effects, including cancer, mutagenic effect, changes in lung function.
Accidental ingestion may cause serious harm or be fatal. MSDS SUPPLIER
http://datasheets.scbt.com/sc-204668.pdf
16. Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Excede (antibiotic)
Intended for use in horses which are non-food animals. Because this indication for
For the treatment of lower respiratory this new animal drug is not intended for use in food producing animals, there is no
data pertaining to drug residues in food (i.e., human food safety).
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
Not for use in humans. For use in animals only. Consult a physician in case of
Do not use in horses intended for human consumption.
http://animalhealth.pfizer.com/sites/pahweb/US/EN/Products/Documents/Combined
%20Full%20PI%20(8_5x11)%20-%20EXEQ0110014.pdf
17. Ceftiofur Sodium
Penicillins and cephalosporins can cause allergic reactions in sensitized individuals.
Topical exposure to such antimicrobials, including ceftiofur, may elicit mild to severe
allergic reactions in some individuals. Repeated or prolonged exposure may lead to
sensitization. Avoid direct contact of the product with the skin, eyes, mouth, and
for human consumption.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/ceftiflex.h
18. Chloramphenicol Chlor-500
Some medicines may interact with Chloramphenicol:
•Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) because side effects, including risk of bleeding, may
•Hydantoins (e.g., phenytoin) or sulfonylureas (e.g., glyburide) because the actions
and side effects of these medicines may be increased.
•Medicines that may decrease your bone marrow (e.g., cancer chemotherapy) because
the risk of serious side effects, such as low blood platelet levels and low white blood
Chloramphenicol has caused severe and sometimes fatal blood problems (e.g.,
anemia, low blood platelets, low white blood cell counts). Leukemia has also been
reported after use of Chloramphenicol. Blood problems have occurred after both
short-term and long-term use of Chloramphenicol. Do not use chloramphenicol if
http://www.drugs.com/cdi/chloramphenicol.html
http://www.drugs.com/cdi/chloramph Prohibited for use in food-producing animals in the European Union.
enicol.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/chloramph
19. Chloroform
The IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classifies chloroform as
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol73/mono73.pdf
20. Cimetidine Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
Diarrhea, headache, dizziness, somnolence, reversible confusional states, reversible
impotence, increased serum transaminases, rash, gynecomastia, blood dyscrasias. WARNINGS/PRECAUTIONS
Reversible confusional states reported, especially in severely ill patients. Increased
risk of developing confusional states with advancing age (≥50 yrs), renal and/or
hepatic impairment. Risk of hyperinfection of strongyloidiasis in
http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=1440
21. Clenbuterol
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/clenbuterol.htm
producing animal. http://www.farad.org/eldu/prohibit.as
22. Copper Naphthenate
Toxic to central nervous system, blood, and kidneys.
May produce vomiting, headache, shock, jaundice, kidney damage, nervous system
for human consumption.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/kopertox.h
23. Crude Liver Extract
FDA cautions against the use by humans of any animal organ extract.
http://www.healthline.com/natstandardcontent/liver-extract
24. Cupric Sulfate
Harmful if swallowed. May cause gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste, burning sensation in the stomach or epigastrum,
abdominal pain, and possible gastrointestinal tract bleeding. May affect metabolism,
liver (liver damage, jaundice), blood, urinary system (kidney damage, hematuria,
hemoglobinuria, albuminuria), behavior/nervous systems (somnolence, tremor,
psychosis, muscle weakness, coma), cardiovascular system (lowering of blood
25. Cypermethrin
“Pyrethroid ingestion gives rise within minutes to a sore throat, nausea, vomiting and
abdominal pain. There may be mouth ulceration, increased secretions and/or
dysphagia. Systemic effects occur 4-48 hours after exposure. Dizziness, headache
and fatigue are common, and palpitations, chest tightness and blurred vision less
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
frequent. Coma and convulsions are the principal life-threatening features. Most
patients recover within 6 days. . . .” S.M. Bradberry et al., Poisoning Due to Pyrethroids, Toxicol Rev. 24(2):93-106 (2005) (quoting abstract). Potential organ damage.
http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/cypermet-ext.html
26. Dapsone
Adverse effects include agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and other blood dyscrasias have been reported after
treatment. It may cause significant reduction in leukocytes, platelets, or hemopoiesis.
Caution with glucose-6-phosphoate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency,
methemoglobin reductase deficiency, or hemoglobin M, and those who are exposed to
other agents or conditions such as infection or diabetic ketosis capable of producing
hemolysis. Toxic hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice reported after use. Liver function
tests must be monitored if there are any abnormalities. Can cause muscle weakness. Peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and pancreatitis may
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Dapsone
27. Deodorized Kerosene
Ingestion may cause aspiration hazard, nausea, fatigue, pulmonary edema, central
nervous systemepression, convulsions and loss of consciousness.
http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1955.html
28. Deslorelin
Deslorelin stops the production of certain sex hormones in horses, and has never been
approved for use on humans. If it was approved, it would be for a small targeted
complement of the human population with identified diseases related to the
production of too much of certain sex hormones, but could otherwise produce
unwanted hormonal effects and responses.
29. Detomidine
Can cause hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, dry mouth, respiratory depression,
Hydrochloride
tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, atrial fibrillation, fever, hyperglycemia, anemia,
sedation in intensive care and surgery http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=2848
for human consumption.” http://www.dormosedan.com/
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
30. Dexamethasone
Adverse reactions include fluid/electrolyte disturbances, muscle weakness,
osteoporosis, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, ulcerative esophagitis, impaired wound
healing, headache, psychic disturbances, growth suppression (pediatrics), glaucoma,
hyperglycemia, weight gain, nausea, malaise.
- (d)(4) (sterile aqueous solution). http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=798
Steroids should be taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant
adverse affects including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in
menstrual functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and
vomiting, joint swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain.
for food.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/dexium-
31. Dichloromethane Furall
If eaten, this drug can cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea. May cause kidney damage. May cause central nervous system depression,
characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and
nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible
death due to respiratory failure. May cause carboxyhemoglobinemia. Dichloromethane has been treated as a carcinogen in California since 1988 and it may
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9948&code=SLM2677
32. Diclazuril
Administered to some AIDS patients, but effects in humans largely unknown.
33. Diclofenac Sodium Surpass
May cause hypertension, edema, or heart failure. Some individuals with prior
gastrointestinal disease may be hypersensitive to the drug’s effects. Potential kidney
failure and danger for patients with renal disease. May cause anaphylactic reactions;
may harm fetus in utero. Maycause liver problems. May cause anemia and affect
blood. May cause abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, gross
bleeding/perforation, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal ulcers, renal
function abnormalities, anemia, dizziness, edema, elevated liver enzymes.
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Diclofenac+Sodium
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
34. Diflubenzuron Equitrol
Fly control http://www.drugs.com/vet/equitrol-ii-
35. Dimethylsulfoxide
May cause headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation,
breathing problems, vision problems, blood problems, and allergic reactions. Also
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-874-
DMSO%20(DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE).aspx?activeIngredientId=874&activeIngredi
MSDS available here: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927347
horses slaughtered for food.” 21 CFR § 524.660b
horses slaughtered for food.” http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-
36. Dimetridazole (generic)
Withdrawn from European market because of dangers of gastrointestinal problems,
http://www.bioagrimix.com/msds/36/36280/3628007.pdf
37. Di-n-propyl
High toxicity – classified as a carcinogenic Pesticide Action Network (PAN) “Bad
isocinchomeronate
1 “PAN Bad Actor pesticides” belong to a “most toxic” set of pesticides identified by the Pesticide Action Network and Californians for Pesticide Reform (CPR).
These pesticides are at least one of the following: known or probable carcinogens, as designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), U.S.
EPA, U.S. National Toxicology Program, and the state of California’s Proposition 65 list; reproductive or developmental toxicants, as designated by the state of
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_id=PC2798
Flysect Super-C Mosquito Halt http://www.drugs.com/vet/flysect-
super-7.html http://msds.farnam.com/m000811.ht
super-c.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/mosquito-
38. Dipropyl
Farnam Roll-On Repellent (fly spray) High toxicity – PAN Bad Actor.
isocinchomeronate
www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_id=PC2798
39. Domperidone
FDA has warned that this drug passes into breast milk and should not be used in
toxicity from fescue grass that affects nursing human mothers.
Side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, nervousness, flushing, irritability, insomnia,
stomach cramps, hot flashes and leg cramps, chest pain, slow/fast/irregular heartbeat,
swelling of the feet or ankles, difficulty urinating, swelling of the breasts or discharge
from the nipple in men or women, menstrual changes, sexual difficulties.
May affect absorption and action of other drugs, and interact with other drugs.
http://www.medicinenet.com/domperidone-oral/article.htm
40. Doxycycline
Dangerous for pregnant women; may cause tooth problems, gastrointestinal
symptoms, autoimmune syndrome, renal problems.
California’s Proposition 65 list; neurotoxic cholinesterase inhibitors, as designated by California Department of Pesticide Regulation, the Materials Safety Data
Sheet for the particular chemical, or PAN staff evaluation of chemical structure (for organophosphorus compounds); known groundwater contaminants, as
designated by the state of California (for actively registered pesticides) or from historic groundwater monitoring records (for banned pesticides); pesticides with
high acute toxicity, as designated by the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. EPA, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program.
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
41. Doxylamine succinate
Not to be combined with other antihistamines. Can cause multiple adverse side
42. Equine Influenza vaccine
Not intended for human use and no testing on human ingestion of this vaccine.
43. Equine Rhinopneumonitis Killed virus vaccine
Not intended for human use and no testing on human ingestion of this vaccine.
– Influenza vaccine
Prestige II with Havlogen (vaccine) http://intervetus.naccvp.com/?m=pro
44. Estradiol
Risk of cancer is among the multiple potential negative side effects related to the
unapproved and uncontrolled use of this synthetic female hormone. Other side effects
for relief of menopausal symptoms in include headaches, dizziness, breast pain, increased risk for yeast infections, flu-like
symptoms, arthritic pain, hair loss, gastrointestinal problems including nausea or
vomiting, and incidences of spotting in between periods or other menstrual
May be unsafe for people with blood disorders, heart disease, obesity, seizure
45. Eucalyptus Oil
Potential side effects include seizures, poisoning, drowsiness, morbidity in children,
oil.html Labeled “Not for use on animals
46. Fenbendazole
No human formulation, and adverse effects on humans who eat this dewormer, that
directly affects the gastrointestinal tract, are unknown.
Panacur Paste Panacur Power Pac Panacur Suspension Safe-Guard Safe-Guard Power-Dose 21 CFR § 520.905a
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
47. Firocoxib Equioxx
There is no approved use of this drug for humans and so any adverse effects on
humans who ingest this drug are completely unknown.
Firocoxib is one of the NSAIDs, all of which have extensive potential adverse side
effects in humans including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidney and eye problems.
The NSAIDs can be dangerous for individuals with blood disorders. They are also
contraindicated during pregnancy. They also present significant risk for people with a
history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding. Can cause nausea, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headaches, excitability, and nervous system problems.
48. Flunixin
Flunixin is one of the NSAIDs, all of which have extensive potential adverse side
effects in humans including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidney and eye problems.
The NSAIDs can be dangerous for individuals with blood disorders. They are also
contraindicated during pregnancy. They also present significant risk for people with a
history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding. Can cause nausea, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headaches, excitability, and nervous system problems.
Flu-nix D injection Flunixamine 21 CFR § 520.970
49. Flunixin Meglumine
This is also one of the NSAIDs, all of which have extensive potential adverse side
effects in humans including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidney and eye problems.
The NSAIDs can be dangerous for individuals with blood disorders. They are also
contraindicated during pregnancy. They also present significant risk for people with a
history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding. Can cause nausea, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headaches, excitability, and nervous system problems.
meglumine-injection.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/flunazine-
injectable-solution.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/flu-nix-d-
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
ivx.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/flunixami
50. Furaltadone Antibacterial
May cause cancer in humans, but very little known about effect on humans because
the drug has not been tested on humans and the potential side effects upon ingestion
51. Furazolidone Antibacterial:
Contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer.
Should only be taken under strict medical oversight; dangerous if taken with alcohol,
when pregnant, or for individuals with certain blood disorders.
Adverse effects include headache, stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, dizziness or
weakness, fever, skin rash, itching, muscle aches, flushing, breathing trouble. This
medication may cause the urine to turn brown in color.
for food.” http://msds.farnam.com/m000394.ht
ne-aerosol-powder.html Federal law prohibits the use of this
52. Furosemide
May cause pancreatitis, jaundice, anorexia, paresthesias, ototoxicity, blood dyscrasias,
dizziness, rash, urticaria, photosensitivity, fever, thrombophlebitis, restlessness.
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Furosemide
53. Gentamicin sulfate
Can cause severe hearing and kidney problems. May cause dizziness, vertigo,
solution
ringing in the ears, hearing loss, numbness, muscle twitching or weakness, difficulty
breathing, decreased urination, rash, itching, or sore throat. Interaction and potential
harm with other drugs can cause adverse reactions.
n-sulfate-solution.html 21 CFR § 529.1044a
54. Gentian violet
Usually used topically on humans. Unknown side effects upon ingestion.
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
protective wound dressing. Not for use on food producing
blu-kote.html http://www.drnaylor.com/index.php?
gory&id=20&Itemid=47 “Not for use on animals intended for
Very hazardous if touched; not fully tested on humans; may be fatal if inhaled or
swallowed. Causes irritation and burning, ulceration, or perforation of the
gastrointestinal tract and resultant peritonitis, gastric hemorrhage and infection. Can
also cause nausea, vomiting (with “coffee ground” emesis), diarrhea, thirst, difficulty
swallowing, salivation, chills, fever, uneasiness, shock, strictures and stenosis
(esophogeal, gastric, pyloric). May affect behavior (excitement), the cardiovascular
system (weak rapid pulse, tachycardia), respiration (shallow respiration), and urinary
system (kidneys- renal failure, nephritis). Acute exposure via inhalation or ingestion
56. Hyaluronate sodium Arthritis
May cause gastrointestinal tract information with nausea and vomiting. It may affect
blood (normocytic anemia, change in leukocyte count), metabolism, behavior (ataxia,
convulsions), respiration (respiratory stimulation), and urinary system. The
toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924276
21 CFR § 522.1145 - “Do not use in horses intended
for human consumption.” - “Not for use in horses intended
for food.” http://www.bayerdvm.com/products/l
egend/legend.cfm http://www.drugs.com/vet/legend-
57. Hyaluronic acid sodium
May cause gastrointestinal irritation, affect blood, metabolism and behavior. The
dangers upon ingestion by humans has not been fully investigated.
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
animals not intended for food use. http://www.medi-
vet.com/Polyglycan.aspx Also used in race horses prior to a
58. Hydroxyzine Pamoate
May impair mental and physical abilities in elderly, may potentiate other medications,
and not for use by pregnant or nursing mothers.
http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=1096
sedative in animals. http://www.drsfostersmith.com/prod
59. Hyoscine butylbromide Buscopan
Potential adverse effects include blurred vision, severe allergic reactions, confusion,
www.drugs.com/sfx/scopolamine-side-effects.html
Antispasmodic; colic pain relief. http://www.drugs.com/vet/buscopan-
60. Isoflurane
MSDS reports no information on toxicity upon ingestion.
61. Isoparaffinic Petroleum
Unknown human toxicity and side effects after ingestion.
Farnam Bronco Gold (spray) Farnam Wipe http://msds.farnam.com/m001650.ht
62. Ivermectin
Can act for up to twelve months; carcinogenicity not studied; not recommended for
pregnant women; distributes into breast milk.
Adverse reactions include pruritus, edema, papular/pustular/frank urticarial rash,
fever, axillary/cervical/inguinal lymphadenopathy, arthralgia/synovitis, limbitis,
tachycardia, peripheral edema, leukopenia, eosinophilia
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=ivermectin
Farnam Ivercare Horse Health Ivermectin Ivercare paste ProMetin E™ Paste Zimecterin Gold Zimecterin Paste Also found in human anthelmintic
for human consumption.” 21 CFR § 1194
for human consumption.” 21 CFR § 1195
for human consumption.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/agri-
mectin-paste-1-87.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/agri-
mectin-paste-1-87.html http://www.davisandlawrence.com/1-
x-6-08-g.html http://www.horsehealthusa.com/detai
ls/Equell-Paste/37-105.html http://www.equimaxhorse.com/
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
63. Ketoprofen
Ketoprofen is one of the NSAIDs, all of which have extensive potential adverse side
effects in humans including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidney and eye problems.
The NSAIDs can be dangerous for individuals with blood disorders. They are also
contraindicated during pregnancy. They also present significant risk for people with a
history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding. Can cause nausea, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headaches, excitability, and nervous system problems.
for food.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/ketofen.ht
64. Levothyroxine Sodium
This artificial thyroid hormone can exacerbate thyroid and hypertension problems in
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Levothyroxine+Sodium
65. Luprostiol
Dangerous for children, pregnant and lactating mothers, individuals with respiratory
problems. Can cause hormonal effects when taken.
66. Mepivacaine
Because this is an injectable drug, studies have not been done on the dangers of
67. Methocarbamol Robaxin
Potential adverse reactions include lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea,
urticaria, pruritus, rash, conjunctivitis, nasal congestion, blurred vision, headache,
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Methocarbamol
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
68. Methyl Salicylate
“When ingested, the highly concentrated liquid methyl salicylate in the form of
wintergreen oil, as with other volatile oils, can induce vomiting and is a notorious
source for severe, often fatal poisonings.”
http://www.drugs.com/npp/wintergreen.html
Dangerous if used in conjunction with other analgesics, anticoagulants, steroids,
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Methyl+Salicylate
69. Methylandrostenediol
Can cause estrogenic (female hormone) and androgenic (male hormone) effects.
Steroids should be taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant
adverse affects including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in
menstrual functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and
vomiting, joint swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain.
70. Methylprednisolone
Steroids should be taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant
adverse affects including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in
menstrual functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and
vomiting, joint swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain.
71. Metronidazole
This drug can cause gastrointestinal problems, serious allergic reactions in sensitive
individuals, flu-like symptoms, seizures, encephalopathy, aseptic meningitis,
peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, headache, anorexia and neutropenia.
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Metronidazole
72. Moxidectin
Very limited testing on humans – potential adverse effects still unknown.
Quest Plus Antiparasitic (dewormers) Not for horses or ponies intended for
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
.htm 21 CFR § 520.1452; 520.1463 - Gel - “Not for use in horses and ponies
intended for food.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/quest-
73. N-(2-Ethylhexyl)-5-
“Harmful if ingested.” Bug Block fly control has multiple adverse effects if
norbornene-2,3- dicarboximide
http://www.statelinetack.com/ContentFiles/Associated_Content/absorbinebugblockM
74. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Ingredient in Polyglycan, which includes warning: “For use only as a surgical lavage
in animals not intended for food use.”
are to be slaughtered for food.” www.arthrodynamic.com/polyglycan
75. Neomycin Sulfate
May cause nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, nephrotoxicity,
ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockage, neurotoxicity, fetal harm. Especially dangerous
for individuals with certain diseases of the muscles. http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=3174
76. Nitrofurantoin
Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, pulmonary/hepatic/psychotic
reactions, peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, dizziness, exfoliative
dermatitis, anaphylaxis, hematologic abnormalities, cyanosis, angioedema, asthenia.
This drug is not to be administered to http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=383
use in food. http://www.drugs.com/vet/equifur-
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
77. Nitrofurazone
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9926271
intended for consumption as food. http://www.drugs.com/vet/niderm-
78. N-Octyl Bicycloheptene
According to the manufacturer, Farnam Roll-On Repellent is “harmful if swallowed.”
Dicarboximide
Fly spray http://msds.farnam.com/m000018.ht
79. Nystatin
Antimicrobial, antifungal and steroid Adverse reactions include oral irritation, sensitization, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, Animax ointment
gastrointestinal disturbances, rash, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Nystatin
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000767/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682758.html
80. Omeprazole Treatment
Adverse reactions include headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting,
fever, respiratory disorders, severe allergic reactions, irregular heartbeat, bruising and
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Omeprazole
for human consumption.” http://gastrogard.us.merial.com/faq.s
81. Oxibendazole
“Do not allow product to enter drinking water supplies, waste water or soil.”
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
http://www.seqchem.com/safetysheet.php?SQIndex=SRP012491o
for human consumption.” 21 CFR § 520.1638
human consumption. http://www.drugs.com/vet/anthelcide
82. Parachlorometaxylenol
May cause burning of mouth, throat and stomach, if ingested.
http://surfactantsinc.com/pdf/Surcide%20PCMX-USP%20MSDS.pdf
83. Phenol
Phenol is considered to be quite toxic to humans via oral exposure. Anorexia,
progressive weight loss, diarrhea, vertigo, salivation, a dark coloration of the urine,
and blood and liver effects have been reported in chronically (long-term) exposed
humans. Animal studies have reported reduced fetal body weights, growth
retardation, and abnormal development in the offspring of animals exposed to phenol
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/phenol.html
84. Phenylbutazone NSAID:
Serious and fatal adverse effects have been reported from ingestion of
Phenylbutazone, including bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia. Banned in
America for human use. Nicholas Dodman, Nicolas Blondell, Ann M. Marini,
“Association of phenylbutazone usage with horses bought for slaughter: A public
health risk”, FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 48 (2010) 1270–74.
“Phenylbutazone is known to induce blood dyscrasias, including aplastic anemia,
leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and deaths. Hypersensitivity reactions
of the serum-sickness type have also been reported. In addition, phenylbutazone is a
carcinogen, as determined by the National Toxicology Program.”
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm12407
Phenylbutazone is especially problematic for patients with a history of asthma attacks,
hives, or other allergic reactions to aspirin or other NSAIDs. It also should be avoided
by patients with peptic ulcer disease or poor kidney function, since this medication
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
can aggravate both conditions. Phenylbutazone is generally used with caution in
patients taking blood thinning medications (anticoagulants), such as warfarin
(Coumadin), because of an increased risk of bleeding. Patients taking lithium can
develop toxic blood lithium levels. Additionally, patients taking cyclosporine
http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/arc (Sandimmune) can develop kidney toxicity.
hives/13184 http://www.farmvet.com/pc-1500-
163-bute-paste-12-gm.aspx http://www.drugs.com/vet/butequine-
can.html http://tuesdayshorse.wordpress.com/t
85. Piperonyl Butoxide
Potential dangers to humans are unknown: “Data are not available from accidental
poisonings, occupational exposures, or epidemiological studies regarding the
reproductive and developmental toxicity of piperonyl butoxide.”
Ingestion can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Pesticide Action Network North
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33240 The EPA classifies piperonyl butoxide as a group C carcinogen, a possible human
carcinogen. Environmental Protection Agency. Reregistration Eligibility Decision
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/reregistration/REDs/piperonyl_red.pdf
86. Polysulfated
Data on human safety, pertaining to consumption of drug residues in food, were not
Glycosaminoglycan
required for approval of this supplemental new animal drug. The drug is approved for
use only in horses that are not to be used for food and is to be labeled “’Not for use in
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOI
ADrugSummaries/ucm054846.htm Based on the formulation of the drug, humans could develop anaphylaxis or excessive
bleeding as the sulfated proteoglycans are anticoagulants.
87. Ponazuril Antiprotozoal
Unknown side effects and adverse reactions in humans ingesting Ponazuril.
“Data on human safety, pertaining to consumption of drug residues in food, were not
required for approval of this supplemental new animal drug. The drug is approved for
use only in horses that are not to be used for food and is to be labeled ‘Not for use in
horses intended for food.’” Freedom of Information Summary, Original New Animal Drug Application, NADA
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
141-188 (Marquis), www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/./ucm117581.pdf
food.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/marquis-
88. Prallethrin
Potential poisoning, headache, dizziness, nausea, and seizure.
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35755
“Pyrethroid ingestion gives rise within minutes to a sore throat, nausea, vomiting and
abdominal pain. There may be mouth ulceration, increased secretions and/or
dysphagia. Systemic effects occur 4-48 hours after exposure. Dizziness, headache
and fatigue are common, and palpitations, chest tightness and blurred vision less
frequent. Coma and convulsions are the principal life-threatening features. Most
patients recover within 6 days. . . .” S.M. Bradberry et al., Poisoning Due to Pyrethroids, Toxicol Rev. 24(2):93-106 (2005) (quoting abstract).
89. Praziquantel
Available by prescription only and to be taken only under the monitoring of a
Contraindicated for people with pre-exiting conditions involving the liver, kidney, or
Praziquantel may cause side effects including headache, dizziness, stomach pain,
nausea, fever, itching, hives (especially serious).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000474/
http://www.rxlist.com/biltricide-drug/patient-images-side-effects.htm
plus-equine-oral-gel.html “Not for use in humans.”
90. Prednisone
Steroids should be taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant
adverse affects including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in
menstrual functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and
vomiting, joint swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain.
91. Prostaglandin Lutalyse
Can cause unknown and unwanted hormonal effects, including termination of
pregnancy, to individuals who ingest without knowing.
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
female reproduction and other uses. This drug is not to be administered to
use in food. http://www.drugs.com/vet/lutalyse-
92. Pseudoephedrine HCl Tri-Hist
Can cause central nervous stimulation, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, blurred vision,
colitis, and psychosis when combined with other drugs.
93. Pyrantel Pamoate
Adverse reactions include abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea,
http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=2985
for human consumption.” 21 CFR § 520.2043
for human consumption.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/exodus-
94. Pyridoxine HCl
Potential health effects after ingestion unknown. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924765
95. Pyrilamine Maleate USP Tri-Hist
Many individuals with identified health conditions have hypersensitivities to
Antihistamine (human and horse use) antihistamines and the use of antihistamines is contraindicated in that portion of the
http://www.drugs.com/pro/poly-hist-pd.html
for food purposes.” Not for use in horses intended for
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
96. Rabies vaccination
The dangers of human ingestion are unknown.
97. Ractopamine
A January 2012 article reported that ractopamine hydrochloride is “[f]ed to an
hydrochloride
estimated 60 to 80 percent of pigs in the United States, [and has] has sickened or
killed more of them than any other livestock drug on the market.” While the FDA
has approved the drug for use in cows and pigs, many countries have banned it from
food-producing animals, and the drug has never been tested on horses intended for
human consumption. http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/25/10220221-dispute-over-drug-in-
98. Rhinopneumonitis
99. Ronidazole
Does not appear to have any human applications. Dangerous side effects in animals.
Toxicity information and potential health effects are unknown.
https://www.reagentworld.com/products/msds2.asp?proid_2=23072
100. Selenium
Rare but potential side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hearing loss,
fatigue, weight loss, muscle tenderness, heart failure, and allergic reactions.
101. Stanozolol Anabolic
Potential side effects of anabolic steroids are well-documented. Steroids should be
taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant adverse affects
including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in menstrual
functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and vomiting, joint
swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain
for food.” http://www.petplace.com/drug-
102. Stilbenes
Animals treated with these drugs are banned from meat production in the European
lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN
103. Stranglesvaccine
Vaccination for streptococcus equi(Streptococcus Equi vaccine) Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
104. Sucralfate
Adverse reactions include constipation, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, rash,
dizziness, insomnia, back pain, headache, dry mouth, flatulence, gastric discomfort,
indigestion, sleepiness. http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Sucralfate
105. Sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine has potential cross-sensitivity with other drugs in the same class. Some
individuals will have blood cell destruction from the drug. It can also cause transient
leukopenia, skin necrosis, skin discoloration, burning sensation, rash, interstitial
nephritis, and other systemic reactions.
http://www.pdr.net/search/searchResult.aspx?searchCriteria=Sulfadiazine
for human consumption.” http://www.drugs.com/vet/tribrissen-
106. Sulfamethoxazole
While these drugs are approved for human use, unnecessary ingestion of antibiotics is
Trimethoprim
medically contraindicated. Additionally, adverse reactions include nausea and
vomiting, anorexia, allergic skin reactions (e.g., rash, urticaria), agranulocytosis,
aplastic anemia, hepatitis, renal failure, hyperkalemia, aseptic meningitis, arthralgia,
107. Sunscreens
While sunscreens are used by humans, there is no substantial literature or studies on
ingestion of sunscreens or their byproducts and metabolites.
108. Testosterone enanthate
The ingestion of male hormones, when not medically indicated, can create hormonal
imbalances. Additionally, use may cause dangerous reactions in hypersensitive
individuals or those with other illnesses. Can increase prostate and other problems in
Can also cause hormone-mediated reactions, fluid and electrolyte disturbances,
nausea, cholestatic jaundice, alterations in liver function, headache, and anxiety. It is
also designated as “not for use” in nursing mothers. http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=2017
109. Thiamine HCl
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9925232
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
110. Thyrostats
Animals treated with these drugs are banned from meat production in the European
lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN
111. Topazone Aerosol Powder Antibacterial
Contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer.
Should only be taken under strict medical oversight; dangerous if taken with alcohol,
when pregnant, or for individuals with certain blood disorders.
Adverse effects include headache, stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, dizziness or
weakness, fever, skin rash, itching, muscle aches, flushing, breathing trouble. This
medication may cause the urine to turn brown in color.
112. Triamcinolone Acetonide
Steroids should be taken under a doctor’s supervision and have multiple significant
adverse affects including severe allergic reactions, hormonal changes, changes in
menstrual functions, mental and mood changes, respiratory problems, nausea and
vomiting, joint swelling, vision changes, and unusual weight gain.
for human consumption.” 21 CFR § 522.2483
113. Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim is a strong antibiotic with multiple potential adverse reactions, adverse
interactions with other drugs and hypersensitivities noted in individuals with various
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000813/
for human consumption.” 21 CFR § 520.2613
powder - “Not for use in horses intended
for food.” “Do not use in horses intended for
Product/Type/Warnings Potential problems from human ingestion of residue or metabolites
400-oral-paste.html http://www.drugs.com/vet/uniprim-
114. West Nile virus
This vaccine has only been approved for use in horses and no data exists with respect
to the safety of humans eating it, or meat from animals who have received it.
115. Xylazine
Xylazine poisoning causes hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression.
Ocular administration can cause sinus bradycardia, hypotension and decreased mental
Velez LI, Shepherd G, Mills LD, Rivera W., Systemic toxicity after an ocular exposure to xylazine hydrochloride, J. EMERG. MED. 30(4):407-10 (2006).
Testo, figure, ed organizzazione a cura di: Le informazioni contenute nel presente manuale sono soggette a modifiche senza preavviso e non rappresentano un impegno da parte della società CARESMED srl. Tutti i nomi di prodotti e di società sono marchi o marchi registrati dei rispettivi proprietari. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte del manuale può essere riprodotta o diffusa in qu
L16 Validation of Peptide Immunotherapy as a New Approach in L18 Real-world Comparative Effectiveness Of Extrafinethe Treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis: The ClinicalHydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone (EF HFA-BDP) VersusBenefits of Treatment with Amb a 1 Derived T cell EpitopesInhaled Corticosteroid (ICS) / Long-acting Beta-agonistR. P. Hafner1, A. Salapatek2, D. Patel2, M. Larche3, P.